Discovering Psychology 2E, Hockenbury &Hockenbury, 2000, Worth Publishing A abandonment, borderline personality disorder, 494 abnormal behavior, 475 absolute threshold, 84 abuse    borderline personality disorder, 495    dissociative identity disorder, 498    drug, 151 accommodation, 87 acculturative stress, 449 acetylcholine, 49, 49, 50 achievement motivation, 303-5 achievement tests, 260 action potential, 43-45, 45 activation-synthesis model of dreams, 143-44 activity theory of aging, 358-59 actor-observer discrepancy, 415-16, 416 actualizing tendency, 384 acupuncture, 50, 105    pain and, 101 adaptive theory of sleep, 134 addiction    alcohol, 153, 520-21    caffeine, 155    defined, 150    nicotine, 155 additive model, 248 Ader, Robert, 452-53, 453 Adler, Alfred, 381, 381, 396 adolescence    attachment and, 335    cognitive development, 344    conformity, 426    identity formation, 348, 349-50    moral reasoning, 351-53    parents and, 347-48, 361    peers and, 347-48    physical development in, 346-47    psychological disorder in, 493-94    psychological disorders in, 479    psychosocial stage of development, 349-50    relationships and, 347-48    sexual behavior, 347    sexual development in, 346-47    social development, 347-48    suicide and, 506 adolescent growth spurt, 346 adoption studies    mood disorders, 491-92    on personality, 395    schizophrenia, 503, 505    sexual orientation, 294-95 adrenal cortex, 56 adrenal gland, 56    sexual motivation and, 291 adrenaline, stress and, 450 adrenal medulla, 56    fight-or-flight response, 56-57 adultery, 298 adulthood, 325, 353-57    careers in, 356-57    friendship in, 354    marriage, 354-55    metabolism, 286    physical changes in, 353-54    psychological disorders of, 479    psychosocial stage of development, 349-50    sleep and, 133    social development, 354-57    transition to, 355 advertising, classical conditioning and, 171 afterimage, 92-93 aggression    Bandura vs Freud on, 390    in Freudian theory, 371, 373    observational learning, 194 aging, 356-57    activity theory of aging, 358-59    cultural beliefs affect on memory, 233    dementia and, 233    environmental factors in, 354    episodic memory, 233    metabolism and, 286    see also late adulthood agoraphobia, 483 Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter, 334-35 alcohol, 152-53    addiction, 153, 520-21    aversive conditioning, 520-21    behavioral effects of, 153    binge drinking, 152    biological effect of, 152-53    cerebellum and, 64    cultural differences and, 151    increasing GABA activity, 49-50    misuse of, 152    psychological effects of, 153    sleep and, 136, 159 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 528 alcohol poisoning, 152 algorithms, 245 Allen, Karen, 462 all-or-none law, 44 Allport, Gordon, 392 alogia, 501 alpha brain waves, 128, 130 Alzheimer's disease, 49    symptoms of, 233 American Journal of Psychology, 6 American Psychological Association, 6, 169, 478, 531    ethical guidelines by, 32-33 American Psychological Society, 478 American Sign Language, 252 amnesia, 230-32    anterograde, 230-32    dissociative, 496, 496    retrograde, 230 amniotic sac, 329 amphetamine psychosis, 156 amphetamines, 155-56, 503 amplitude, 94 amygdala, 67, 68-69    dreams, 143    memory, 232, 232    REM sleep, 139 anal sex, 298 analytic intelligence, 264 anandamide, 157 Andersson, Bengt-Erik, 335 anger, physiological pattern for, 309-10 animal cognition, 33, 256 Animal Mind, The (Washburn), 7 animal studies    behavioral perspective of learning, 165-68, 170-72    on brain, 77    code of ethics for, 33    cognitive perspective on learning, 174-78    of communication, 255-56    of emotion, 313    immune system and stress, 452    memory, 227-29    naturalistic observation, 20    reasons for, 33 anorexia nervosa, 288-89, 479 anosmia, 81-82 Antabuse, 520-21 anterograde amnesia, 230-32 antianxiety medication, 50, 535-36 antidepressant medication, 536-37 antipsychotic medication, 533-35    atypical, 535 antisocial personality disorder, 493-94 anxiety    antianxiety medications, 535-36    basic, 380    Beck's cognitive therapy, 526    defined, 480    escape-avoidance, 466    exercise and, 465    in Freudian theory, 374, 377    rational-emotive therapy, 524    sleep and, 159    systematic desensitization, 519-20    in trait theory, 393 anxiety disorders, 480-84    panic attacks, 481    panic disorder, 481-82, 486    phobias, 482-84, 486 APA, See American Psychological Association aphasia, 71 aplysia, 228-29 aptitude tests, 260 archetypes, 379-80 Armitage, Peter, 400-401 arousal theory, 301-3 Asch, Solomon, 425-26 Aserinsky, Eugene, 128 association areas, 67 astigmatism, 87 Ativan, 154 atropine, 49 attachment    borderline personality disorder, 494    day care and, 334-35    infants, 332-35    long-term effect of, 335    measuring, 334-35 attitudes, 418-21    components of, 418    defined, 418    effect of, on behavior, 418-19    effect of behavior on, 419-20 attribution, 414-17    actor-observer discrepancy, 415-16, 416    cultural differences in, 417    defined, 414    fundamental attribution error, 414-15, 416    self-effacing bias, 416, 417    self-serving bias, 416, 416, 417 atypical antipsychotics, 535 audition, 94    see also hearing, sense of auditory sensory memory, 205-6 authoritarian parenting style, 360-62 authoritative parenting style, 360-62 autistic disorder, 479 autonomic nervous system, 53-55    emotions and, 309 availability heuristics, 249 aversive conditioning, 520-21 aversive stimuli, 180 avolition, 501 Axel, Richard, 98 axons, 42, 43    action potential, 43-45, 45 axon terminals, 46 B Bailey, J. Michael, 296 Bailey, Michael, 294 Baillargeon, Renée, 344 balance, sense of, 102 Balfour, Gay, 273 Ball, Tamera, 26 Bandura, Albert, 194, 194, 196, 303-4, 388, 388-90, 396    compared to Freud on aggression, 390 barbiturates, 153-54    sleep, 159 basal metabolic rate, 285-86, 286 basic anxiety, 380 basilar membrane, 95, 96